2nd Video Clip Info

Junkers Ju 86

Ju 86

Picture - Luftwaffe Ju 86

Role: Bomber, Airliner, Reconnaissance aircraft
Manufacturer: Junkers
First flight: 1934
Introduced: 1936
Status: retired
Primaryuser: German Luftwaffe

The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s, and employed by both sides during World War II. The civilian model Ju 86B could carry 10 passengers. Two were delivered to Swissair and five to Lufthansa. In addition a single civilian Ju 86Z was delivered to the Swedish AB Aerotransport.

Design and development

In 1934, a specification for a modern twin-engined aircraft capable of operating both as a high speed airliner for the German airline Lufthansa and as a medium bomber for the still-secret Luftwaffe was issued to both Junkers and Heinkel. Five prototypes were ordered from each company; the Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111. Junkers design was a low-winged twin engined monoplane, of all-metal Stressed skin construction. Unlike most of Junkers previous designs, it discarded their typical corrugated skinning in favour of smooth metal skinning which helped to reduce drag. The craft was fitted with a narrow track retractable tailwheel undercarriage and twin fins and rudders. It was intended to be powered by the Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines, which although heavy, gave superior fuel consumption to conventional petrol engines.

Picture - Ju 86 diagram

The bomber aircraft had a crew of four; a pilot, navigator, radio operator/bombadier and gunner. Defensive armament consisted of three machine guns, situated at the nose, at a dorsal position and within a retactable ventral position. Bombs were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind the cockpit. The airliner version replaced the bombload with seating for 10 passengers, with fuel tanks being moved from the fuselage to the wings.

The first prototype Ju 86, the Ju 86ab1, fitted with Siemens SAM 22 radial engines as airworthy Jumo 205s were unavailable, flew on 4 November 1934, in bomber configuration, with the second prototype, also a bomber, flying in January 1935. The third Ju 86, and the first civil prototype, flew on 4 April 1935. Production of pre-series military and civil aircraft started in late 1935, with full production of the Ju 86A-1 bomber commencing in April 1936. Production quickly switched to the improved Ju 86 D with a modified tail cone to impove stability.

Early use of the Jumo powered Ju 86 bomber over Spain showed that it was inferior to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat, and production plans were cut back. One Ju 86 had already been converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and this showed much improved reliability, and production was switched to a version powered by the BMW 132 engine, the Ju 86E, production continuing until 1938.

The Ju 86 was sold to airlines and air forces from several nations, including Bolivia, Chile, Hungary, Manchukuo, Portugal, the South African Air Force (SAAF), Spain, and Sweden. The Ju 86K was an export model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B 3 with (905hp) Bristol Mercury XIX radial engines. Several aircraft remained in service with the Swedish Air Force until 1958. A few were converted to SIGINT platforms.

Operational history

Picture - The only complete Junkers Ju 86 in the world, (1976)

The bomber was field tested in the Spanish Civil War, where it proved inferior to the Heinkel He 111. Four Ju 86D-1 arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them (coded 26-1) was shot down on 23 February by Republican fighters with the loss of three crewmen killed and one captured. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but in the summer of 1937 another D-1 was lost in an accident, and the three remaining planes were sold to the Nationalist air forces. It was again used in the 1939 invasion of Poland, but retired soon after. In January 1940, the Luftwaffe tested the prototype Ju 86P with a longer wingspan, pressurized cabin, Jumo 207A1 turbocharged diesel engines, and a two-man crew. The Ju 86P could fly at heights of 12,000m (39,000ft) and higher on occasion, where it was felt to be safe from Allied fighters. The British Westland Welkin and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9PD were developed specifically to counter this threat.

On the outbreak of the Second World War, South Africa's Ju 86s, were initially used for coastal patrols, playing an important role in the interception of the German Blockade runner SS Watussi in December 1939. In May 1940, the were used to re-equip No. 12 Squadron SAAF, which was deployed in the East African Campaign from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940. As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from Squadron to Squadron, seeing its last use with No. 22 Squadron SAAF at Durban, who used it, along with the Avro Anson in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942, when it re-equipped with Lockheed Venturas.

Satisfied with the newer version, the Luftwaffe ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to Ju 86P-1 high-altitude bombers and Ju 86P-2 photo reconnaissance aircraft. Those operated successfully for some years over Britain, the Soviet Union and North Africa. In August 1942, a modified Spitfire V shot one down over Egypt at some 14,500m (49,000ft); when two more were lost, Ju 86Ps were withdrawn from service in 1943.

Junkers developed the Ju 86R for the Luftwaffe, using larger wings and new engines capable of even higher altitudes - up to 16,000m (52,500ft) - but production was limited to prototypes.

Survivors

Picture - The only complete Junkers Ju 86 in the world

Only one Junkers Ju 86 is known to exist today. One of the 16 SAAB-built aircraft, it is on permanent static display at the Flygvapenmuseum in Sweden.

Variants

Ju 86abl First bomber prototype. Ju 86bal Second transport prototype. Ju 86cb Third bomber prototype. Ju 86 V4 Prototype for the Ju 86B commercial transport aircraft. Ju 86 V5 Prototype for the Ju 86A bomber aircraft. Ju 86A-0 13 pre-production bomber aircraft. Ju 86A-1 Initial bomber version. Ju 86B-0 Seven pre-production transport aircraft. Ju 86C-1 Six transport aircraft for Lufthansa, powered by two Junkers Jumo 205C diesel engines. Ju 86D-1 Bomber version. Ju 86E-1 Bomber version for the Luftwaffe, powered by two BMW 132F radial engines. Ju 86E-2 Powered by two BMW 132N radials. Ju 86G-1 Fitted with a round glass nose. Ju 86E-2 Uprated version of the Ju 86E-1. Ju 86K-1 Export version for South Africa and Sweden. Ju 86K-2 Export version for Hungary. Ju 86K-4 Export version for Sweden, similar to the Ju 86K-1, but fitted with two Bristol Pegasus III radials. Ju 86K-5 Swedish-built bomber aircraft, powered by two Swedish-built Bristol Pegasus XII radials. Ju 86K-6 Export version for Chile and Portugal. Ju 86K-7 Export version for Austria with BMW 132 radials. Ju 86K-13 Swedish-built bomber aircraft, fitted with Swedish or Polish-built Pegasus engines. Ju 86P-1 High-altitude bomber version, fitted with two Jumo 207 diesels. Fitted with turbochargers. Ju 86P-2 Photo reconnaissance version, still equipped for bombing. Same engines as P-1. Ju 86R-1 Reconnaissance version. Retained 207 engines. Ju 86R-2 Bomber version. Ju 86R-3 Powered by two Jumo 208 engines. Ju 186 Proposed four-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft. Not built. Ju 286 Proposed six-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft. Not built.

Operators

Military operators

Austria

Austrian Air Force (1927-1938)

Picture - Ju 86G - note the radial engines and rounded glazed nose

Bolivia

Bolivian Air Force

Chile

Chilean Air Force

Germany

Luftwaffe

Hungary

Royal Hungarian Air Force

Japan

Kempeitai used several as transports in secret and paramilitary operations in Manchukuo.

Portugal

Portuguese Air Force

Romania

Romanian Air Force

South Africa

South African Air Force The SAAF operated 18 aircraft namely 17 Ju 86Z and one Ju86K. These aircraft were operated by 12 and 16 Squadron.

Sweden

Swedish Air Force

Civil operators

Australia

Southern Airlines and Freighters of Australia

Bolivia

Lloyd Aero Boliviano

Chile

LAN Chile

Germany

Lufthansa

Manchukuo

Manchukuo National Airways

South Africa

South African Airways operated 18 aircraft prior to 1939.

Spanish State Sweden

AB Aerotransport

Switzerland

Swissair

Specifications (Ju 86R)

Data from Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II and Warbirds Resource Group

General characteristics

Crew: 2 (pilot and radio operator)
Length: 16.46 m (54 ft)
Wingspan: 32 m (105 ft)
Height: 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in)
Wing area: 82 m² (883 ft²)
Empty weight: 6,700 kg (14,800 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 11,530 kg (25,420 lb)
Powerplant: 2x— Junkers Jumo 207B-3/V diesel engines, 746 kW (1,000 hp) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 420 km/h (260 mph) above 9,150 m (30,000 ft)
Range: 1,580 km (980 mi)
Service ceiling: 13,000 m (42,650 ft)
Rate of climb: 4.67 m/s (900 ft/min)

Armament

Guns: defensive armament of three MG 15 machine guns
Bombs: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of bombs

Photo reconnaissance

Comparable aircraft

Heinkel He 111
Dornier Do 17

Bibliography

Dressel, Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1994, ISBN 1-85409-140-9.
Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Ten Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft. London:Macdonald, 1968.
Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Junkers Ju 86...The Dimorphus Dessauer". Air Enthusiast, Number Twenty, December 1982-March 1983, pp.15-30. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press.
James, Derek N. Westland: A History. Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2002. ISBN 0-7524-2772-5.
Smith, J.R. and Antony L. Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War, London: Putnam, 1972. ISBN 0-85177-836-4.

Living Warbirds: The best warbirds DVD series.

Source: WikiPedia